The paper draws on evidence of predatory publishing obtained from the 4 year-long Harbingers research study of the changing scholarly communication attitudes and behaviour of early career researchers (ECRs). The project featured longitudinal interviews for its first 3 years with 116 ECRs researching science and social sciences who came from China. France. Malaysia. https://www.countryscenesaddleryandpetsuppliers.shop/product-category/tough1-cactus-saddle-bag/